In order to increase its war effort in Ukraine, Russia’s defence ministry has announced a wide range of occupations that will be exempt from conscription.
The “partial mobilisation” planned by President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday would not affect IT personnel, bankers, or journalists who work for state media.
Around 300,000 citizens face being called up as part of the drive.
The move has prompted a rush toward borders as young men attempt to flee to evade the draft.
Announcing the exemptions on Friday, Russia’s defense ministry said employers must compile a list of workers who meet the criteria and submit it to its offices.
But it accepted some sectors had to be excluded to “ensure the work of specific high-tech industries, as well as Russia’s financial system”.
Some commentators have observed that the text of the mobilization decree has been left vague – potentially allowing it to be widened if necessary.
And one paragraph remains entirely classified. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on Friday this referred to the total number of Russians that could be conscripted, which he said could not be disclosed.
Earlier, the independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta had reported – citing an unnamed government source – that the redacted section allowed for a call-up of up to a million people, rather than the reported 300,000.
Russian men are continuing to try to flee the country to avoid being called up by recruiters for the country’s first military mobilization since World War Two.
In the south, miles-long queues of traffic have formed at the border crossing between Russia and Georgia.
Some of those heading into the neighbouring country have used bicycles to bypass lines of cars and evade a ban on crossing on foot, with others reporting waits of up to 12 hours.
When asked about the war, one man who did not wish to be named told the BBC he had known it was happening but that, until Mr Putin’s declaration of a “partial mobilization”, it had not been his concern.
A Russian student, who also did not want to be identified, said that people had woken up. “They opened their eyes and started thinking about where to hide their children. Now people understand what’s happening because it affects them directly,” he said.
Another IT worker told the BBC that he was opposed to the war, but was too scared to speak out against it.
“I don’t want to risk my life, the life of my family. I don’t want to be put in detention,” he said. “All I could do was to get a Schengen visa. Luckily I got one in May.”
Georgia is one of the few neighbouring countries where Russians can enter without needing to apply for a visa. Border guards in neighbouring Finland, which shares a 1,300km (800 miles) border with Russia but requires an entry visa, told the BBC that queues had grown at various crossing points.
Other destinations reachable by air – such as Istanbul, Belgrade, or Dubai – have seen ticket prices skyrocket immediately after the military call-up was announced, with some destinations sold out completely.
Several countries are grappling with the prospect of an influx of Russian draft dodgers. Germany’s interior minister signalled on Thursday that that fleeing conscription would be welcome in her country.
Nancy Faeser said deserters threatened by “severe repression” would receive protection on a case-by-case basis, following security checks.
But several other European countries, including Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and the Czech Republic, struck a different tone, saying they would not offer to flee Russian refuge. The countries have long pushed the EU to take a harder line on Russia.
“I understand that Russians are fleeing from ever more desperate decisions by Putin,” Czech Foreign Minister Jan Lipavsky said. “But those running because they don’t want to fulfill a duty imposed by their own government, they don’t meet the criteria for a humanitarian visa.”
The call-up sparked protests in major Russian cities including Moscow and St Petersburg on Tuesday, resulting in a reported 1,300 arrests.
There were also reports from Russia that some of those detained for protesting had been handed draft papers while in custody at police stations. When asked about the reports, Mr Peskov said that doing so was not against the law.