There was promising news in the search for an effective vaccine against coronavirus this week when a team at Oxford University announced its first results. It is one of around two dozen vaccines being tested on people in clinical trials – and there are around 140 others in development around the world.
The BBC’s online health editor Michelle Roberts answers some of your questions about coronavirus vaccines.
Would a vaccine be 100% safe – I am worried that a vaccine may be rushed out and there may be unwanted side-effects?
From Tim Pryke, Woodlesford, Leeds
New vaccines undergo rigorous safety checks before they can be recommended for widespread use. Although research into a coronavirus vaccine is happening at a very rapid pace, these checks are still happening in clinical trials.
Any treatment can have some side-effects and vaccines are no different. The most common side-effects of vaccines are typically mild and can include swelling or redness to the skin where the jab was given.
Is there any proof that the flu vaccine in 2019 and 2020 have been checked for Covid-19?
From Antonia Saluto, Bedford, England
The seasonal flu vaccine will not protect against coronavirus. Flu (influenza) and coronavirus are completely different diseases caused by different viruses.
Having a flu jab is a good idea, particularly during the coronavirus pandemic, to help protect your health.
Flu can cause severe illness in some people, and those at high risk – which includes the over-65s and people with long-term health conditions – can get a free flu jab on the NHS.
Are people who have transplants able to have the vaccine?
From Anne Lindo, Reading, England
Scientists are testing lots of different potential coronavirus vaccines. It is not yet clear which ones may be most effective, if any. Different versions may be more suitable for some people than others.
Tests are happening in volunteers but it will take time to get results and to know who might benefit from vaccination.
If you have received a transplant and are taking immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection, some vaccines, such as “live” vaccines containing weakened bacteria or viruses, may not be appropriate for you.
Would this vaccine still be effective if the virus mutates?
From Alan Ng, Dingley, Canada
The coronavirus vaccines being developed at the moment are based on the viral strain currently circulating.
Viruses can mutate, but this will not necessarily make the corresponding vaccine less effective. It depends how significant the mutations are and whether they affect the part of the virus the vaccines are designed to safely mimic.
Many of the experimental coronavirus jabs currently being tested contain the genetic instructions for the surface spike protein that coronavirus uses to attach to and infect human cells. Reassuringly, scientists have not seen any substantial mutations to this part of the virus yet that would render these vaccines useless.
Face covering questions
From 24 July, face coverings in shops in England will be compulsory.
Here are some of your questions on the subject.
Face masks and coverings to be compulsory in England’s shops
What are the rules for face masks or face coverings?
Questions and answers
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Does this include people with hidden disabilities? I have asthma and cannot wear a mask.from Gail Denney
The government says people with medical conditions or disabilities that mean they cannot wear a covering will not have to do so.
We do not yet have the precise wording of the rules for shops. However, face coverings have been compulsory on public transport in England since 15 June and the rules for that are pretty broad.
Anyone who cannot wear a covering “because of any physical or mental illness or impairment, or disability”, or who would experience “severe distress” from doing so, is exempt.
How will stores know about people who are exempt from wearing face masks? Will there be a card?from Ann Muff in Plymouth
We don’t know for sure whether there will be cards sent out by the government saying that people do not have to wear face coverings.
That has not happened for public transport, so it seems very unlikely to happen when the rules are extended to shops.
On public transport, if a police officer sees a passenger not wearing a face covering they have been told to ask whether they have an exemption before pursuing any further action.
Some disability charities are producing badges or cards for people to carry with them signalling they are exempt from wearing a face covering.
As a customer I am expected to wear a face covering, why aren’t those who work in a shop expected to do the same?from Christine
It won’t be compulsory for shop workers in England to wear a face covering because “it won’t always be right for every setting in a retail environment”, according to Environment Secretary George Eustice.
However, Mr Eustice says that many workers already wear coverings or are protected by a screen.
The face covering requirement for customers will help to protect shop workers, according to Heath Secretary Matt Hancock, who told Parliament that shop workers have suffered disproportionately from coronavirus.
In Scotland, where face coverings for customers have been compulsory since 10 July, shop staff also do not have to wear them, but it is “strongly recommended” in the guidance that they do.
Can you wear a clear face visor in shops, or does it have to be a mask?from Lynne Merry-West in Christchurch
On public transport, “face covering” is defined as a covering of any type that covers a person’s nose and mouth.
Clear face visors do cover the nose and mouth so would be fine.
A homemade cloth face covering would also be acceptable – you can find out how to make one here.
With face covering becoming mandatory for shops and supermarkets, what about restaurants and cafes?from Scott Rollo in Falmouth
People in England will not be required to wear a covering in places where it’s not practical.
Environment Secretary George Eustice gave the example of pubs, cafes or restaurants.
On public transport in England, people are allowed to remove their face coverings if it is “reasonably necessary” for them to eat or drink. Clearly that would apply to everybody in a pub, cafe or restaurant.
Can shop workers wear a mask for eight-hour shifts?from Sam in Milton Keynes
Face coverings are not compulsory for shop workers, but there is no limit on how long a covering can be worn.
If you are wearing one for a long time, there are some things you might need to consider.
It is likely that over the course of an eight-hour shift you would need to remove the covering sometimes – to eat or drink, for example.
The government advises that you should wash, or sanitise, your hands thoroughly before and after touching a face covering.
On public transport, the government has said that passengers going on long journeys should take more than one face covering with them and a plastic bag for storing them after being used.
The initial advice was masks are not useful. Has the virus, or the mask theory changed?from Hilal Misgar in County Durham
The government says it is introducing these rules now to minimise risk and increase confidence as the country returns more to normality.
On the timing, ministers say they have been following the scientific advice about face coverings as it has evolved – as issued by the World Health Organization (WHO).
The WHO initially said that masks were not effective in preventing the spread of the virus, but that advice has now changed as it has learnt more about how the disease spreads.
However, Labour has accused the government of being “slow and muddled” on face-covering policy and has questioned why the new rules are not coming into force sooner.